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Trojans, malwares. the most common one are program viruses, they mostly infact executibles .exe or ,bin. Using a premium anti virus and anti malware will probably be the best option to avoid viruses. A precaution is do not use untrusted removeable media.
they are codes which intent to infect the computer designed by coders for specific purposes but thanks to some defenders of the systems like Anti-virus, Anti-Malware, Anti-spy, softwares you can prevent your system being infected.
Their are many ways to prevent the infection or damage
1- secure your computer with an anti-virus with updated engine
2- setup a firewall as your comfort
3- get some ad-ons on the browser
