What are the sources of instrumental errors in chain survey?

(i) Compensating

(ii) Cumulative

to be able to achieve the distance of two points (from the instrument to the point where the prism is located)

- rough terrain

- temperature 

* Temperature (refraction).

* Do not be periodically calibrated devices

* Error accumulation

* Difficult terrain

1. Temperature

2.miss-calculation

3.miss-communication of chain man

4.terrain

Systematic errors dues to the length of the chain.

There are two types of Errors that are commonly seen to occur in Chain Surveying.

1. cumulative error

2. compensative error

Calibration of chain to be consider 

work from whole to the part

1. Instrument errors:

 A tape may be faulty due to a defect in its manufacturing or from kinking.

2. Natural errors.

            The actual horizontal distance between the ends of  the tape can vary due to the effects of

• temperature,

• elongation due to tension

• sagging.

3. Personal errors.           

            Errors will arise from carelessness by the survey crew:

1. poor alignment

2. tape not horizontal

3. improper plumbing

4. faulty reading of the tape