Which language would you use for Scientific Computing, R or C++?

Obviously R language which is specially for statistical computing and graphics. Nevertheless, C++ can be also used but you need to write more lines of codes which is not needed when R has the functions to do that in one code of line.

Hope that answer your question

Simple Protocol to transfer files which works at the Application layer of the OS stack

If you are a very good programmer, you wouldn’t ask a question like this.

For Scientific Computing I would prefer Python and Matlab

First I want to mention that top projects languages in GitHub:  JavaScript 20%, Ruby 14%, Python 9%, Shell 8%, Java 8%, PHP 7%, C 7%, C++ 4%, Perl 4%, Objective-C 3% among lots of other languages including R, Julia, Matlab. But for me, I only know about C and C++ among these Top 10 languages. For learning for people like me, I give the description list as follows:

1. JavaScript Javascript is an ojbect-oriented, scripting programming language that runs in your web browser. It runs on a simplified set of commands, easier to code and doesn’t require compiling. It’s an important language since it’s embedded into html that happens to to used in millions of web pages to validate forms, create cookies, detect browsers and improve page design and formatting. Big plus, it’s easy to learn and use.
2. Ruby and Ruby on Rails Ruby is a dynamic, object-oriented, open-source programming language; Ruby on Rails is an open-source Web application framework written in Ruby that closely follows the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture. With a focus on simplicity, productivity and letting the computers do the work, in a few years, its usage has spread quickly. Ruby is very similar to Python, but with different syntax and libraries. There’s little reason to learn both, so unless you have a specific reason to choose Ruby (i.e. if this is the language your colleagues all use), I’d go with Python.

   Ruby on Rails is one of the most popular web development frameworks out there, so if you’re looking to do primarily web development you should compare Django (Python framework) and RoR first.

3. Python Python is an interpreted, dynamically-typed programming language. Python programs stress code readability, so even non-programmers should be able to decipher a Python program with relative ease. This also makes the language one of the easiest to learn and write code in quickly. Python is very popular and has a strong set of libraries for everything from numerical and symbolic computing to data visualization and graphical user interfaces.
4. Java Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. Why you should learn it: Hailed by many developers as a “beautiful” language, it is central to the non-.Net programming experience. Learning Java is critical if you are non-Microsoft.
5. PHP What is PHP? PHP is an open-source, server side html scripting language well suited for web developers as it can easily be embedded into standard html pages. You can run 100% dynamic pages or hybrid pages, 50% html + 50% php.
6. C C is a standardized, general-purpose programming language. It’s one of the most pervasive languages and the basis for several others (such as C++). It’s important to learn C. Once you do, making the jump to Java or C# is fairly easy, because a lot of the syntax is common. C is a low-level, statically typed, compiled language. The main benefit of C is its speed, so it’s useful for tasks that are very computationally intensive. Because it’s compiled into an executable, it’s also easier to distribute C programs than programs written in interpreted languages like Python. The trade-off of increased speed is decreased programmer efficiency. C++ is C with some additional object-oriented features built in. It can be slower than C, but the two are pretty comparable, so it’s up to you whether these additional features are worth it.
7. Perl Perl is an open-source, cross-platform, server-side interpretive programming language used extensively to process text through CGI programs. Perls power in processing of piles of text has made it very popular and widely used to write Web server programs for a range of tasks.

This rank is only for the users on GitHub, which is biased for you. For me, I think C/C++, R, Julia, Matlab, Java, Python, Perl will be popular among stats sphere.