Tell me how you establish a course of action to accomplish specific long-and-short term goals?

Such a nice question.. I will apply the Major4 'Ps"

Progress : review the course of action which were already in place or need to improvise the system by projecting or planning new action

Plan : the next level of action to be planned

Problems: giving importance to those which are problematic ones from the planned action

Prioritise :  Selecting the most which is leading the top and recommend for suitable action plan after thorough analysis.