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give brief answer
I would recommend to check Events of that server. Please be aware events can be accessed from other server as well using MMC Snapin tool.
Look for the event describing your problem, most probably there will be hints given to resolve that issue, otherwise you have many keywords from that Event's description to get it resolved through MSDN Search.
This is a vague question. Your troubleshooting steps depends on the reason of the problem.
Your request for a general steps, I find it illogical
First of all we have to find out the root cause. and if server is down, could raise Y's to find out the reason.
depends the reason could do some workaround.
