What are the causes of infection within hospitals?

Causes All hospitalized patients are at risk of acquiring an infection from their treatment or surgery.
Some patients are at greater risk than others, especially young children, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune systems.
The National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System database compiled by the CDC shows that the overall infection rate among children in intensive care is6.1%, with the primary causes being venous catheters and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
The risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in children include parenteral nutrition (tube or intravenous feeding), the use of antibiotics for more than10 days, use of invasive devices, poor postoperative status, and immune system dysfunction.
Other risk factors that increase the opportunity for hospitalized adults and children to acquire infections are: -a prolonged hospital stay - severity of underlying illness - compromised nutritional or immune status - use of indwelling catheters - failure of health care workers to wash their hands between patients or before procedures -prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from the overuse of antibiotics Any type of invasive (enters the body) procedure can expose a patient to the possibility of infection.
Some common procedures that increase the risk of hospital-acquired infections include: - urinary bladder catheterization - respiratory procedures such as intubation or mechanical ventilation - surgery and the dressing or drainage of surgical wounds - gastric drainage tubes into the stomach through the nose or mouth - intravenous (IV) procedures for delivery of medication, transfusion , or nutrition Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common type of hospital-acquired infection and has been shown to occur after urinary catheterization.
Catheterization is the placement of a catheter through the urethra into the urinary bladder to empty urine from the bladder; or to deliver medication, relieve pressure, or measure urine in the bladder; or for other medical reasons.
Normally, a healthy urinary bladder is sterile, with no harmful bacteria or other microorganisms present.
Although bacteria may be in or around the urethra, they normally cannot enter the bladder.
A catheter, however, can pick up bacteria from the urethra and give them an easy route into the bladder, causing infection.
Bacteria from the intestinal tract are the most common type to cause UTIs.
Patients with poorly functioning immune systems or who are taking antibiotics are also at increased risk for UTI caused by a fungus called Candida .
The prolonged use of antibiotics, which may reduce the effectiveness of the patient's own immune system, has been shown to create favorable conditions for the growth of this fungal organism.
Pneumonia is the second most common type of hospital-acquired infection.
Bacteria and other microorganisms are easily introduced into the throat by treatment procedures performed to treat respiratory illnesses.
Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, for example, are especially susceptible to infection because of frequent and prolonged antibiotic therapy and long-term mechanical ventilation used in their treatment.
The infecting microorganisms can come from contaminated equipment or the hands of health care workers as procedures are conducted such as respiratory intubation, suctioning of material from the throat and mouth, and mechanical ventilation.
Once introduced through the nose and mouth, microorganisms quickly colonize the throat area.
This means that they grow and form a colony, but have not yet caused an infection.
Once the throat is colonized, it is easy for a patient to aspirate the microorganisms into the lungs, where infection develops that leads to pneumonia.
Invasive surgical procedures increase a patient's risk of getting an infection by giving bacteria a route into normally sterile areas of the body.
An infection can be acquired from contaminated surgical equipment or from the hands of health care workers.
Following surgery, the surgical wound can become infected from contaminated dressings or the hands of health-care workers who change the dressing.
Other wounds can also become easily infected, such as those caused by trauma, burns, or pressure sores that result from prolonged bed rest or wheel chair use.
Many hospitalized patients need continuous medications, transfusions, or nutrients delivered into their bloodstream.
An intravenous (IV) catheter is placed in a vein and the medications, blood components, or liquid nutritionals are infused into the vein.
Bacteria from the surroundings, contaminated equipment, or health care workers' hands can enter the body at the site of catheter insertion.
A local infection may develop in the skin around the catheter.
The bacteria can also enter the blood through the vein and cause a generalized infection.
The longer a catheter is in place, the greater the risk of infection.
Other hospital procedures that may put patients at risk for nosocomial infection are gastrointestinal procedures, obstetric procedures, and kidney dialysis .

non compliance of the best defense against infection which is hand washing.

Lack of Hygiene, not following strict aseptic technique

dont follow of aseptic procerure and lack of infection control

Infection control chain cycle illustrates the ways that may cause hospital acquired infection

hospial infection called nasochromial infection mostly is occur due to immpropper following of sterile procedure.during intravenous procedur mostly infection occur.and non prper west managemnt principles.

unsterized instrument improper waste disposal

Lack of personal hygiene * Lack of preventive measures * Lack of suction air in the operating room * Low level of hygiene in the hospital wards and some other facilities * The existence of standards are not consistent with the standards of handling medical waste * The lack of isolation rooms for patients with infectious diseases * Defect in the proceedings disinfectant *

عدم تعقيم الادوات

Some common procedures that increase the risk of hospital-acquired infections include: - urinary bladder catheterization - respiratory procedures such as intubation or mechanical ventilation - surgery and the dressing or drainage of surgical wounds - gastric drainage tubes into the stomach through the nose or mouth - intravenous (IV) procedures for delivery of medication, transfusion , or nutrition Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common type of hospital-acquired infection and has been shown to occur after urinary catheterization.

low immune open wound multivisitores