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"Oracle SQL Loader" is a direct upload utility available in Oracle DB , using it you can get data from a text file directly into a database table in oracle.
"Oracle API" is a set of packages prepared by Applications teams to give the programmers a facility to design and create their own upload process.
Usually we use the SQL Loader to get the data to a temp table in the DB then we use the APIs to apply the rules we need and to upload the data into Oracle eBusiness Suite.