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FIGURE 2 (optional)
Links involved in beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) communications via satellite
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As the regulatory conditions differ in each frequency band allocated to the fixed-satellite service, the characteristics define a typical system which can be assumed as representative for all cases, except other noted. Tables are numbered with a sequence number for quick references and corresponding comments in the second column of each table with reference to Recommendation ITU-R S., as appropriate.
The terms "Ku-band" and "Ka-band" address all eligible frequency bands allocated to the FSS, as defined the Tables below, respectively, but that are not subject to provisions of RR Appendix,A, andB as excluded by Resolution (WRC).
2 Typicalparameters for link budgets of Ku band FSS (/ GHz range) 2.1 GSO Satellite system parameters for link budgets Ku-band
Table1 defines a satellite constellation with a GSO satellite at a slant range at° elevation. Two cases define the conditions for hemispheric and spot beam, respectively.
Table1
Representative characteristics of GSO satellite systems
1
GSO System
Units
Parameter for beam type1
Parameter for beam type2
2
1.
System
3
1.1
Information provider
Administration
Administration
4
1.2
Space station description
Satellite hemi
(HPBW »4°)
Satellite Spot
(HPBW »2°)
5
1.3
Carrier number
CNPC-1
CNPC-2
6
2.
Satellite Parameters
7
2.1
Orbital position(1)
°East
8
2.2
Type of transponder (transparent, regenerative)
Transparent(2)
Transparent(2)
Note1: The orbital position itself is less critical – in fact the elevation and the distance to the service area determines the actual link budget.The orbital position is referring to an E/S location in Berlin, Germany assuming an elevation of°
Note2: Worst case for link budgets, representative for existing systems
2.2 Space station parameters for link budgets (Ku-band)
Table2
Representative characteristics of space station parameters
9
GSO System
Units
Parameter for beam type1 (hemi)
Parameter for beam type2 (spot)
3.
Space Station
3.1
Receive antenna gain towards transmitting earth station at EoC
dBi
.6
.3
3.2
Satellite receive noise temperature
K
3.3
G/T (at EoC)
dB/K
1
7.4
3.4
SFD range (IBO determination) at ground level
dBW/m²
-.5 … -.5
-.9 … -.9
3.5
Maximum EIRP (center of beam, hardware capability)
dBW
.5
.7
3.6
EIRP variations (daily, life time)
dB
1.5
1.5
3.7
Maximum possible EIRP per UA TC carrier (link #2) towards receiving earth station from link budgets
dBW
.5
.5
3.8
Pointing error satellite beam(Note1)
dB
N/A
N/A
3.9
Cross Polarization Discrimination
dB
each, uplink and downlink
each, uplink and downlink
3.
ALC range if installed and operated
dB
0
0
3.
Intermodulation impact, C/IM ratio at HPA
dB
3.
Operational antenna gain range towards UA compared to maximum
dB
-6
(EoC –3 dB)
-6
(EoC –3 dB)
Note1: According to # a -3 dB gain penalty compared to EoC is already included.
2.3 Carrier parameters for link budgets (Ku-band)
Transmission characteristics of typical communication satellites operating in the FSS are provided in Table 3.
Table3
Representative characteristics of carrier parameters
GSO System
Units
Parameter set type1
Parameter set type2
Parameter set type3
4.
Carrier Parameters
4.1
Uplink type (typical, min, max)
Minimum w. r. t. terminal performance
Maximum w. r. t. terminal performance
4.2
Downlink type (typical, min, max)
Minimum w. r. t. terminal performance
Maximum w. r. t. terminal performance
4.3
Center frequency of uplink band
GHz
.0
.0
.0
4.4
Uplink polarization
V
V
V
4.5
Center frequency of downlink band
GHz
.
.
.
4.6
Downlink polarization
H
H
H
4.7
Access type (SCPC, TDMA)
SCPC
SCPC
SCPC
4.8
Uplink access type for carriers using regenerative
Transponders
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.9
Modulation uplink
BPSK
QPSK
BPSK
4.
Modulation downlink (in case of reg. transp.)
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.
Channel coding uplink
FEC-1/3
FEC-1/2
FEC-1/2
4.
Channel coding downlink (in case of reg. transp.)
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.
Information data rate uplink carrier
(Report ITU-R M.)
kbps
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
4.
Information data rate downlink carrier (in case of regenerative transponder)
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.
Data overhead uplink (e. g. TDMA overhead)
%
0
0
0
4.
Data overhead downlink in case of reg. transp. (e. g. TDMA overhead)
%
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.
Symbol rate uplink carrier
kSps
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
4.
Symbol rate downlink carrier (reg. transp.)
kSps
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.
Roll-off Uplink
%
4.
Roll-off downlink (in case of regenerative transponder)
%
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.
Occupied bandwidth uplink
kHz
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
FW (TC):
RT (TM):
4.
Occupied bandwidth downlink (reg. transp.)
kHz
N/A
N/A
N/A
4.
ACM range (if any)
dB
0
0
0
4.
Required Eb/N0 (end-to-end), incl.1 dB margin *
dB
4
4.3
3
Note1: Number also covers existing UA solutions
2.4 UA Earth station parameters for link budgets in Ku-band(Ku-band)
Table4 provides the characteristics of Earth stations on-board aircraft in accordance with definition of RR no.1.. Three different types of AES on-board Unmanned Aircraft, reflecting the operational conditions of typical applications comprising medium-altitude long endurance (MALE) and high-altitude long endurance (HALE) Unmanned Aircrafts.
Table4
Representative characteristics of UAAES parameters
UA Earth Station on-board aircraft (AES)
Units
Parameter for UA type1
Parameter for UA type2
Parameter for UA type3
5.
RF front end
5.1
Antenna size
cm
5.2
Receive antenna gain
dBi
.5
.7
.6
5.3
Receive noise temperature (elevation°)
K
5.4
G/T at° elevation
dB/K
8.5
.7
.6
5.5
Transmit antenna gain
dBi
.7
.8
.7
5.6
Radome loss for each transmit and receive
dB
1
1
1
5.7
Pointing error
dB
0.1
0.5
0.5
5.8
Maximum EIRP (hardware capability)
dBW
.5
.4
5.9
Operational EIRP for TM, maximum possible from hardware and regulatory point of view
dBW
.1
.5
.7
5.
EIRP limited at first by
RecommendationITU-R S.
Available EIRP of UA (and ITU-R S.)
D/L EIRP-D for PFD limit
6.
Receiver / Transmitter
6.1
Output power at antenna input
W
6.2
Intermodulation impact, C/IM ratio (Two carrier mode TM + sensor)
dB
6.3
UPC range (if any)
dB
0
0
0
6.4
UPC step size
dB
N/A
N/A
N/A
6.5
Minimum power level for Rx sync.
dBm
N/A
N/A
N/A
Note1: Antenna efficiency is assumed as% (instead of% typical for reflector antennas).
Note2: Values show worst case for reflector antennas. Planar antennas for high elevations (look angles perpendicular to the antenna plane), the complete effects of planar antennas with varying G/T and antenna pattern dependent on the look angle are not covered.
2.5 Typical UACS Earth station parameters in Kuband for link budgets
Table5 provides the characteristics of Earth stations remotely controlling Unmanned Aircraft via the communication satellite in accordance with definition of RR no.1.. Two typical Types of Earth stations for the beyond line of sight control, i.e. via communication satellites, are provided in Table5.
Table5
Representative characteristics of Ku-bandEarth Stationsused as Control Stations for UA (UACS)
UACS Earth Station
Units
Parameter for UACS type1
Parameter for UA type2
7.
7.1
Antenna size
m
3.9
6.2
7.2
Receive antenna gain
dBi
.7
.3
7.3
Receive noise temperature
K
7.4
G/T at° elevation
dB/K
.6
.8
7.5
Transmit antenna gain
dBi
.7
.3
7.6
Pointing error (incl. autotrack)
dB
0.2
0.2
7.7
Maximum EIRP (hardware limit)
dBW
8.
8.1
Output power at antenna input (including OBO)
W
8.2
Intermodulation impact, C/IM ratio (multiple TCs)
dB
8.3
UPC range (if any)
dB
8.4
UPC step size
dB
1
1
2.6 Transmission parameters for Ku band link budgets
Table6 provides the transmission parameters for typical Ka band SATCOM links via one set. The link budgets have been performed in a static way, considering the UA AES on ground and elaborating the maximum achievable rain margin on top of all other transmission losses. These rain margins are the basis for the2nd step of assessments, the link availability as a function of climatic zones, elevation, and UA AES flight height.
Table6
Representative characteristics of Ku-band transmission parameters
GSO System
Units
Parameter set1
9.
9.1
Location longitude (location: Berlin)
° East
.4
9.2
Location latitude (location: Berlin)
° North
.5
9.3
Slant range Uplink (° elevation)
km
2
9.4
Slant range Downlink (°elevation)
km
2
9.5
Permanent propagation losses uplink (atmospheric, scintillation);
Rec.s ITU-R P., P., P., P.
dB
2.4
0.4 dB for atmospheric losses),
2.0 dB for tropospheric scintillation for.%
9.6
Permanent propagation losses downlink (atmospheric, scintillation);
Rec.s ITU-R P., P., P., P.
dB
1.8
0.3 dB for atmospheric losses),
1.5 dB for tropospheric scintillation for.%
9.7
Climatic zone (ITU-R model)
[to be analyzed]
9.8
Link availability uplink
%
9.9
Link availability downlink
%
9.
Rain losses UA uplink
dB
UACS uplink:
UA uplink: ≥5
as minimum value, link budget will give the maximum achievable one
9.
Rain losses UA downlink
dB
UACS downlink (incl. atmosp. + scint.):8
UA downlink (incl. atmosp. + scint.): ≥4
as minimum value, link budget will give the maximum achievable one
9.
Rain based G/T degradation
dB
UACS:3.4
UA:2.8
9.
Polarization losses UA uplink
dB
0.5
9.
Polarization losses UA downlink
dB
0.5
3 Typicalparameters for link budgets ofKa band FSS systems( / GHz)
The term "Ka-band" addresses all eligible frequency bands that are allocated to the FSS as defined in Table1 but that are not subject to provisions of RR Appendix,A, andB as excluded by Resolution (WRC).
3.1 GSO Satellite system parameters for link budgets studies (Ka-band)Table7
Representative Ka-band satellite system parameters
1
GSO System
Units
Parameter for beam type1
Parameter for beam type2
2
1.
System
3
1.1
Information provider
Administration
Administration
4
1.2
Space station description
Satellite single spot beam
(HPBW »1.4°)
Satellite multi spot beam (HPBW <0.8°)
5
1.3
Carrier number
CNPC-3
CNPC-4
6
2.
Satellite Parameters
7
2.1
Orbital position(1)
°East
8
2.2
Type of transponder (transparent, regenerative)
Transparent(2)
Transparent(2)
Note1: The orbital position itself is less important – in fact the elevation and distance to the service area is link budget defining, i. e. the relation between coverage latitude / longitude and satellite longitude (see chapter4.6); the orbital position in this example is adapted to the E/S location example of Berlin / Germany and the elevation of degrees
Note2: For link budgets the worst case, but close to the existing system realizations; In this case the differentiation in Table1.3 between uplink and downlink is not needed, the figures are end-to-end ones
3.2 Space station parameter for link budgets (Ka-band)
Table8
Representative characteristics of Ka-band space stations
9
GSO System
Units
Parameter for beam type1
Parameter for beam type2
3.
Space Station
3.1
Receive antenna gain towards transmitting earth station at EoC
dBi
3.2
Satellite receive noise temperature
K
3.3
G/T (EoC)
dB/K
9.0
3.4
SFD range (IBO determination)
dBW/m²
- … -
- … -
3.5
Maximum EIRP (center of beam)
dBW
3.6
EIRP variations (daily, life)
dB
2
2.5
3.7
Maximum possible EIRP per UA TC carrier towards receiving earth station from link budgets
dBW
.5
.5
3.8
Pointing error satellite beam(Note1)
dB
N/A
N/A
3.9
Cross Polarization Discrimination
dB
each, uplink and downlink
each, uplink and downlink
3.
ALC range if installed and operated
dB
0
0
FDMA(Frequency division multiple techniques) TDMA (Time division multiple techniques)
