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The controls designed to prevent an error before it occurs are preventive and controls designed to catch errors after occurrence are detective controls.
i.e Segregation of duties are best example of preventive control and reconciliation or review of operational activities are detective controls.
Preventive: (helps in preventing the risk before its occurence), some examples:
Detective:(helps in uncovering and detecting the risk after its occurence), some example:
The controls designed to prevent an error before it occurs are preventive and controls designed to catch errors after occurrence of are detective controls.
Prevent is more of a "blocker" and Detecti is more "hunting down"