What are the essential focus area for green logistics?

   4. All of the above............

The correct answer is

low pollution vehicle

will go with all the three options 

 4. All of the above================================-,.A

Green logistics describes all attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics activities. This includes all activities of the forward and reverse flows of products, information and services between the point of origin and the point of consumption. It is the aim to create a sustainable company value using a balance of economic and environmental efficiency. Green logistics have its origin in the mid 1980s and was a concept to characterize logistics systems and approaches that use advanced technology and equipment to minimize environmental damage during operations.[1]

The "ecological concern" in logistics determines how far the logistics or the supply chain of a company is faced with the issue of environmental protection and resource conservation. Basically, a supply chain is affected of various influencing factors in this context. The main influencing factors are the stakeholders of the organization and the rising costs of energy and commodity.[5]

Some of the key stakeholders in this context are:

• The state with growing international and national regulations
• Customers and consumer with increasing awareness and demand for ecofriendly products and (logistics) services
• Employees who want to work in an environmentally and socially responsible company
• Society with increasing claims for more corporate social responsibility (CSR)
• Companies themselves; dealing with their own motivation

There is also the pressure of lenders, investors, insurers and investors. Indications of this are new forms of investment in the capital market, such as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, that tracks the stock performance of the world's leading companies in terms of economic, environmental and social criteria.[6]

The dimension of ecological concern of a company is the product of these complex and varying factors.

Approaches 

Logistics has a whole range of measures to protect the environment and resources. Some are new, others long-known. These actions can be assigned to different levels – maturity, range, scope, capital expenditure and resource requirements.

Corresponding to the holistic approach of green logistics, logistics has five starting points to implement measures for environmental protection and resource conservation:

1. customer, market and product
2. structures and planning
3. processes, control and measurement
4. technologies and resources
5. employees, suppliers and service providers

Examples:[7]

• More efficient packing
• Route optimization
• Load optimization
• Formation of corporate networks, which are connected by logistics service
• Optimizing physical logistics processes by providing a sophisticated IT support

The first four levels form a hierarchy and influence each other sequentially. Decisions on one level define the scope for further decisions on the following levels. Decisions at higher levels reduce the freedom for the following levels. Example: The determination of the packing mass of a product on the Level one defines the volume and weight of a product and therefore the maximum number of items per carrier (e.g., container). Thus, the decision made on level one influences the maximum capacity of a container. The impacts on the environment – as carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions per transported product – therefore are strongly influenced by the decisions made on level one. But also decisions made on levels two and three, such as route optimization have an impact on carbon-dioxide emissions.[8]

Green Logistics.Supply chain management practices and strategies that reduce the environmental and energy footprint of freight distribution. It focuses on material handling, waste management, packaging and transport.

Main focus of green logistics is in reducing waste and pollution in supply chain. 

In the beginning green logistics was the way of showing that companies are environmentally friendly and was used more in terms of marketing but as the consciousness about protecting environment grows with consumers as well as governments and as it is followed by legislation it has become more and more cost effective choice for companies. 

Focus areas of green energy : 

Good fuel efficiency.

Renewable energy sources (bio fuels, solar and wind power, energy preservation)

Recycling  

i fully agree with the answers been added by experts....thanks.

We are loading the vehicle in our ramp attached to our Warehouse and we have some procedure and system  to be follow.

a. Safety of our warehouse workers.

b. Engine must not keep running when at loading time.

c. All the Thermoking of the container must check the pollution.

So the correct answer is Low Pollution Vehicle.

Packaging & Low pollution vehicle Option 1 & 2

Supply chain management practices and strategies that reduce the environmental and energy footprint of freight distribution. It focuses on material handling, waste management, packaging and transport.

i think is option " 2 :             .