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Value defined as
· Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a person's behavior and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations. Some common business values are fairness, innovation and community involvement.
· The monetary worth of something in areas such as accounting, economics, marketing or mathematics. See also value.
Some scholars have established some theories about personality.
1.Gordon Allport and his Trait Theory explains personality in terms the comparison between variables.
He argues that a characteristic of Extraversion explains personality in the way a person is more sociable or reserved. A second important fact is the Agreeableness of the people. People can be war or antagonistic depending on a certain circumstance they are involved in. In order to know if a person is hardworking or unreliable, he considers the term Conscientiousness to explain this conduct. The Emotional Stability gives an idea of how the people used to behave and face day to day problems; people can be calm or insecure in this case. Finally, he analyses how much Openness to experience is a person in terms of creativity or narrow interests bring a person when giving response to a certain responsibility or situation more related in an organization environment.
2. Freud analyzed the personality of individuals in his Psychodynamic Theory.
He said that there are a lot of unconscious factors explain personality and emphasized in the important of them as principal determinants of behavior.
3. Carl Rogers established the Humanitarian Theory.
In this theory people are supposed to be able to actualize themselves in order to growth and improve their behavior and their ways of conduct.
In order to know what are the main factors that make a person differs from one another, there are some influential personality characteristics for the process of self evaluation. The first one talks about locus of control, referred to ability of the people to control what happens to them. It differentiates the internal and external factors that help people to understand their environment and feelings. The second characteristic is self-esteem, which analyzes how a high or low esteem influences the workplace and the attitudes facing different situations. In the third place, self-efficacy explains how individuals think they perform a specific task. They know themselves and have set a clear vision of what they can better do and what not. The fourth characteristic is self-monitoring. Individuals must know how is the best way to react in certain circumstances and what is changing all around their environment. However individuals can react from internal feelings and this condition of monitoring is not well performed any more, even when deciding if a low or high self-monitoring is better which is difficult to say.
When talking about perceptions it is important to say that as well as in personality, each person perceives a situation in a different way. Perceptions are influences by individual`s view of the world, as their expectations, feelings, values, beliefs, language, experience, self-image, among others, which make the perception of the reality dissimilar.
The foundation of perceptions are based on what we think. However, what we say and do influence the way people perceive us.
In organizations, the perception of someone is influenced by factors such stereotypes, judgments, mood, among others, that do not allow people clearly define how is somebody and which are his/her intentions. These factors are usually considered as the principal barriers between the perceiver and the target.
Attributions are generally referred as "a concept in social psychology referring to how individuals explain causes of events, other's behaviour, and their own behaviour. What we perceived externally and internally from others influence the way a person behaves. The internal attributions are related with the personality of the people and the external attributions with the situation he/she is involved in.
Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's degree of like or dislike for an item. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or event-- this is often referred to as the attitude object. People can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object, meaning that they simultaneously possess both positive and negative attitudes toward the item in question.
Attitudes are judgments. They develop on the ABC model (affect, behavior, and cognition). The affective response is an emotional response that expresses an individual's degree of preference for an entity. The behavioral intention is a verbal indication or typical behavioral tendency of an individual. The cognitive response is a cognitive evaluation of the entity that constitutes an individual's beliefs about the object.
Attitudes are linked to behavior, can be favorable or unfavorable and are explained like a psychological tendency. As it was explained before, there are some models explaining attributions. Here the ABC Model:
The introduction of the concept cognitive dissonance let us to understand the relation between attitudes and behavior. In organizations is quite often to see someone who is loved by everybody, optimistic, but does not want more responsibilities than he/she has and that is not willing to cooperate with the company when there are integration or when somebody needs one specific information. These kind of people try to have always a positive attitude but his/her behavior is inconsistent with it.
According to values, consisting of certain beliefs about preferable conducts, we can divide them in instrumental or terminal values. The first ones accept behaviors related with ambition, honest, etc; while the terminal values are related with the goals to be achieved like love or happiness.
Pygmalion effect refers to the idea of the higher the expectations of employees, the better they perform. There are some people that believe in their negative capacity and have low expectations but in the other hand, employees who believe in themselves and have higher expectations are more willing to succeed.
(Discussion above is based on the information of the slides provided by Cristina Robledo. Organizational Behavior & National and Organizational Culture. July).
Personally have no point of view on the matter but I once read this article on the subject and it was quite informative.
http://culturorganization.blogspot.com.eg/2010/09/personality-perception-attribution.html
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in addition to the answers I would like to briefly add that the relation among them is the behavior ! Values are set, and perceptions are configured, and attitude is about reacting, therefore the behavior could be a link that connects them.. !
Thank You