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To determine the valid hosts in a subnet make all bits of host portion 1's then convert binary to decimal and sum all decimal values this will be the total number of hosts now add -2 the result will be the valid hosts.
There are a lot of ways, one of them is to determine the host portion and make it all bits of host portion zeros then add 1 the result is the first valid host, and to find the last valid host make all bits of host portion 1's this will be the broadcast address now add -1 the result will be the last valid host IP.
There are another way similar to this using calculating what we call the block size
