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High availability is a system design approach and associated service implementation that ensures a prearranged level of operational performance will be met during a contractual measurement period.
Availability refers to the ability of the user community to obtain a service or good, access the system, whether to submit new work, update or alter existing work, or collect the results of previous work. If a user cannot access the system, it is said to be unavailable.Generally, the term downtime is used to refer to periods when a system is unavailable.
and if you mean High Availability Protocols in Netwrok and Routers; there is two main famous protocols; VRRP HSRP.
uses Protocols HSRP, VRRP, GLBP