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First, they are using different servers for every countries/areas with a powerful ones. Second they are using different techniques such as minimizing request to the server, optimize website designs like css and images, using API frameworks to handles each requests to server and third-party frameworks.
As from the point of the hardware these gaints have backed up with servers which are in commincation with each other with optical fibre cable which give us the respond with in few seconds and from the point of developer they built the web pages with Technologies like SPA(Angular Js) and AJAX which only loads the web content which are changes dynamically(showing contents which are changing), it means not whole page reloaded again. Face book uses React Js Tecnology.
Facebook and google have gaint server in the multiple countries
Ajax and php also main role of load balancing
Facebook has a “Lazy Loading” system they call “BigPipe”, Facebook breaks each page down into sections they call “Pagelets”, and using Javascript.
Facebook and google have gaint server in the multiple countries, and also they have using the techniq to load only neccessary data on the network, they also have great traffic management on there server, they also use the compression techniq to load data more faster.
They also use simple and attractive design that cannot take more time to load as other websites takes.
ajax and php help to make google and facebook pages load quickly. but remember in facebook (one of the biggest site that use more and more in the world) page load slowly due to more traffic
Facebook has a “Lazy Loading” system they call “BigPipe” that helps the pages load fast.
Most of the processing is done on server end, the servers are fast enough to do it in milliseconds.
Second they have several servers for different countries, that send and receive requests quickly.
The User Interface is optimized for quick load, and the website is cached to avoid unnecessary downloading.
Using Ajax to load part of the pages seperately, rather then reloading the complete page.
High Tweaked SQL Setup.
Cache alot.
MySQL database
They are using Cloud infrastructure and using Edge location scalability and ofcourse as all said large data centers in multipile locations.
