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normally they are recorded on COST
Long Term Assets
Fixed assets including intangible assets other than Land are reported at historical cost less accumulated depreciation.
Land is valued at historical cost and is not depreciable
Long Term Investments are reported at their historical cost or market value
Current Assets
Marketable securities (Short term investments) are reported at their market value
Accounts receivable, net of their realizable value (reduced by allowance for doubtful accounts)
Inventory is valued at the lower of the cost or market price to preclude overstating earnings and assets
Assets are usually reported at their cost. This is one of the limitations of the balance sheet. But it's still apt for most industries because of the following reasons: 1) A company is assumed to be continuing in business and will not be liquidating. 2) Historical cost is objective and easily auditable