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My own experience in the field of Special Educational Needs (SEN) relates purely to the UK. To put a "timespan" on a child being recommended for SEN varies from child to child and depends on several elements but primarily (this is a very basic analysis) a parent might suspect that their child appears to be developing slower than his or her siblings or other children of similar age. Initially the parents might take the child to the family doctor, the doctor in turn might suspect that the problems are more psychological than physical and arrange an appointment with an appropriate paediatric psychiatrist/psychologist. That professional will conduct a very comprehensive series of tests which will hopefully point towards a particular "condition" that the child may have. For example the youngsters I work with have all been diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in particular Aspergers' Syndrome, there can be other "off shoots" from that Syndrome, ADHD, PDA etc etc. Some of the youngsters were diagnosed quite early in life but others a lot later as their "symptoms" were possibly not quite so pronounced. Once a diagnosis has been established the Medical specialists will make recommendations to the Local Education Authority in the child's town and they in turn will recommend and make provision for a placement at a specialist school.
I have tried to give a very rough and basic answer to the question but in reality there is far more to it and the different permutations are almost endless. I have to say, however, that the more people get to understand SEN the better society will be to provide the necessary care and educational facilities, it is important to remember that these youngsters don't have a disease they just happen to be slightly different to their neuro typical peers.
Basically it is not the role of a teacher to recommend a child to go for special education services. A teacher can only point out some unusual behavior or an extraordinary slow progress of a student, to his parents or care providers. Parents or care providers are responsible to get advise of a medical expert on the matter. Only after this a child should be treated through special education service.
I experimented with non-Arab students - I think that the slow Education requires that