How the internet works?

The Internet is an abbreviation of inter-network, which means literally between network. The origins date back to the end of the60s of the last century and are associated with the apocalypse. The threat of the outbr...eak of World War III was then so real that the initiative of the Pentagon began research on the creation of a new, decentralized network command armies, who had to survive even the effects of a nuclear war. The result was the creation of ARPANET, which connected at the beginning of the largest academic centers in the US. Initially three, but this number is rapidly increasing. Separation was carried out in1980. A separate part of the military is still called the ARPANET and is still a secret project, part of the academic was officially named the Internet. The internet today is Google, Facebook, YouTube and other sites. It is a social phenomenon, or even cultural, and perhaps the most outstanding invention in human history, because like no other, opens his eyes and minds. The Internet is not all-powerful owner, and no entity that decides who can and who does not have the right to be part of this open environment. It is said that the internet is a country without a government, it is not without governance in general. There are entering the right of each network's components, constituted by the entities eg. administrator. Higher up, the network service providers and large national, and over it all is a private non-profit organization ICANN (the acronym stands for the Internet Corporation for. Assigned Names and Numbers). It fulfills the function of allocation and reservation of domain names and addresses, and manage top-level DNS servers, it meets the technical part of the network. A member of this great between network is any device capable of using it: computers, phones, tablets - and these are the billions. How is it possible that it collapsed under its own weight a long time ago, and easily absorbed more information communication technologies, including the wireless or optical? It is responsible for the TCP / IP protocol which was invented with the ARPANET em more than50 years ago. It is based on IP addresses, consisting for the most popular current IPv4 standard with four numbers from0-255. Compatible, assumptions must be to have each device connected to the Internet. For example, the server173.194.70.94 - version of the Google search engine (just type these numbers into your browser and open the page). IP knowledge is necessary to establish communication, but because they are hard for people to remember, in common use are the domain name, for example. www.google.com. Their translation into digits deal with DNS servers act as address books. To understand how the internet works, you need to introduce the concept of a data packet. About the packets reach which way to decide routers. They may take the form of a small box on the shelf stawianego at home, as well as large racks in server rooms hidden underground. It is up to them plugged in copper cables, fiber optic and microwave communication antennas or satellite, they decide where to send packets to reach their destination. They are supported by the routing tables - so it is known, in which the speed release IP packets to indicate that there is in America, and that those which have to fly to London. They are constantly updated so that the fastest route is selected, and the failure of any cause maximum extension of time to provide the data. So what happens after the computer is turned on until the screen displays your favorite site ? It starts from the fact that the operating system takes the basic data on the local network configuration, including IP router located on the border and the DNS server. Currently, this process happens entirely automatically. DNS server receives a moment in response to78.46.24.45, which thanks to the participation of several routers enough to begin transferring the data making up the website. The Internet now has a well, it is not surprising that, instead of thinking about a successor was decided to modify what is, and IPv6 provides the maximum number of devices connected to the Internet will increase from approximately4 billion to3.4 with38 zeros, which will give some equipment for each gram of the Earth.

Endorse Mr. Tomasz answer, thanks.

Acctually I see that you answered the question !

Basm Allah Alrahman Alrahim  

I think the most of the Internet is just ISPs like the sample following MAP 

just network of networks [ including servers from all types like mail servers , web host servers , proxy servers , DNS servers ...etc ] connected by Cables [ optical outside any country ] through the sea and wireless waves or microwaves towers and orbit satellites , and connected by coaxial cables or optical cables inside any country or Continents.

Thank you for this question that help us to search and learn

I'll explain the high-level concept of it.

Internet is short for "internetwork" and it is a network of networks globally connected and the size of that global network changes

whenever a network or so decide to hide themselves from the other networks

or

whenever a network or so decide to appear to the world.

So, if I say "I'm connected to the Internet", it means in addition to accessing my own network, I can  access other people's networks as long as these networks are made open to the public (the public in this case is the globe).

Through the wire and through the huge devices many places