What causes the slack at large corporations?

In larger corporations, usually, there are larger chains of command which mean greater distance between an employee and top management. The most goal driven part of the organization is often the top management as they are the largest recipients of its payoffs, therefor they tend to be the best motivators for their subordinates. This large gap between the two is often the cause of slack among most employees in a corporation if you take into consideration the large number of employees at the bottom rather than top of the chain. Effective communication systems often eradicate this issue to a large extent.