Explain the term 'Related Parties' and give four examples of related parties under ISA 540?

Many related party transactions are in the normal course of business. In such circumstances, they may carry no higher risk of material misstatement of the financial statements than similar transactions with unrelated parties. However, the nature of related party relationships and transactions may, in some circumstances, give rise to higher risks of material misstatement of the financial statements than transactions with unrelated parties. For example: • Related parties may operate through an extensive and complex range of relationships and structures, with a corresponding increase in the complexity of related party transactions. • Information systems may be ineffective at identifying or summarizing transactions and outstanding balances between an entity and its related parties. • Related party transactions may not be conducted under normal market terms and conditions; for example, some related party transactions may be conducted with no exchange of consideration.