Explain the relationship between Value - Perception - Attitude?

An attitude defined as

–       “a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object”

–       Attitude object:  physical objects, issues, ideas, events, people, places.

–       Parts of an attitude

–       Cognitive:  perceptions and beliefs about an attitude object

–       Affective:  feelings about an attitude object

–       Behavioral intentions:  how the person wants to behave and what a person says about an attitude object

Attitude change

–       Something persuades the person to shift his or her attitudes (persuasive communication)

–       Norms of a social group can affect a person’s attitude (social norms)

–       Person becomes uncomfortable with some aspects of her or his beliefs (cognitive dissonance)

Value defined as

·        Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable. Values have major influence on a person's behavior and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all situations. Some common business values are fairness, innovation and community involvement.

·        The monetary worth of something in areas such as accounting, economics, marketing or mathematics. See also value.

The distinction between Personality, Perception, Attribution & Attitudes and Values based on Understanding individuals is not that easy as it can be seen. Each person has a different personality and the way he/she behaves is the result of different interactions the person has, as well as his/her personal differences.

Some scholars have established some theories about personality.

1.Gordon Allport and his Trait Theory explains personality in terms the comparison between variables.

He argues that a characteristic of Extraversion explains personality in the way a person is more sociable or reserved. A second important fact is the Agreeableness of the people. People can be war or antagonistic depending on a certain circumstance they are involved in. In order to know if a person is hardworking or unreliable, he considers the term Conscientiousness to explain this conduct. The Emotional Stability gives an idea of how the people used to behave and face day to day problems; people can be calm or insecure in this case. Finally, he analyses how much Openness to experience is a person in terms of creativity or narrow interests bring a person when giving response to a certain responsibility or situation more related in an organization environment.

   2.   Freud analyzed the personality of individuals in his Psychodynamic Theory.

He said that there are a lot of unconscious factors explain personality and emphasized in the important of them as principal determinants of behavior.

   3.  Carl Rogers established the Humanitarian Theory.

In this theory people are supposed to be able to actualize themselves in order to growth and improve their behavior and their ways of conduct.

In order to know what are the main factors that make a person differs from  one another, there are some influential personality characteristics for the process of self evaluation. The first one talks about locus of control, referred to ability of the people to control what happens to them. It differentiates the internal and external factors that help people to understand their environment and feelings. The second characteristic is self-esteem, which analyzes how a high or low esteem influences the workplace and the attitudes facing different situations. In the third place, self-efficacy explains how individuals think they perform a specific task. They know themselves and have set a clear vision of what they can better do and what not. The fourth characteristic is self-monitoring. Individuals must know how is the best way to react in certain circumstances and what is changing all around their environment. However individuals can react from internal feelings and this condition of monitoring is not well performed any more, even when deciding if a low or high self-monitoring is better which is difficult to say.

When talking about perceptions it is important to say that as well as in personality, each person perceives a situation in a different way. Perceptions are influences by individual`s view of the world, as their expectations, feelings, values, beliefs, language, experience, self-image, among others, which make the perception of the reality dissimilar. 

 The foundation of perceptions are based on what we think. However, what we say and do influence the way people perceive us. 

In organizations, the perception of someone is influenced by factors such stereotypes, judgments, mood, among others, that do not allow people clearly define how is somebody and which are his/her intentions. These factors are usually considered as the principal barriers between the perceiver and the target. 

Attributions are generally referred as "a concept in social psychology referring to how individuals explain causes of events, other's behaviour, and their own behaviour. What we perceived externally and internally from others influence the way a person behaves. The internal attributions are related with the personality of the people and the external attributions with the situation he/she is involved in.

Attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's degree of like or dislike for an item. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or event-- this is often referred to as the attitude object. People can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object, meaning that they simultaneously possess both positive and negative attitudes toward the item in question.

Attitudes are judgments. They develop on the ABC model (affect, behavior, and cognition). The affective response is an emotional response that expresses an individual's degree of preference for an entity. The behavioral intention is a verbal indication or typical behavioral tendency of an individual. The cognitive response is a cognitive evaluation of the entity that constitutes an individual's beliefs about the object.

Attitudes are linked to behavior, can be favorable or unfavorable and are explained like a psychological tendency. As it was explained before, there are some models explaining attributions. Here the ABC Model:

The introduction of the concept cognitive dissonance let us to understand the relation between attitudes and behavior. In organizations is quite often to see someone who is loved by everybody, optimistic, but does not want more responsibilities than he/she has and that is not willing to cooperate with the company when there are integration or when somebody needs one specific information. These kind of people try to have always a positive attitude but his/her behavior is inconsistent with it.

According to values, consisting of certain beliefs about preferable conducts, we can divide them in instrumental or terminal values. The first ones accept behaviors related with ambition, honest, etc; while the terminal values are related with the goals to be achieved like love or happiness. 

Pygmalion effect refers to the idea of the higher the expectations of employees, the better they perform. There are some people that believe in their negative capacity and have low expectations but in the other hand, employees who believe in themselves and have higher expectations are more willing to succeed.

(Discussion above is based on the information of the slides provided by Cristina Robledo. Organizational Behavior & National and Organizational Culture. July).

Personally have no point of view on the matter but I once read this article on the subject and it was quite informative.

http://culturorganization.blogspot.com.eg/2010/09/personality-perception-attribution.html

1. 1. Perception, Attitude, Values and their impact on Communication
2. 2. Perception: What you see is what you get Perception is the organization, identification and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment.
3. 3. Four Steps of the Perception Process 1. Selection: What attracts your attention? 2. Organization: Along with selecting information, we must arrange it in some meaningful way 3. Interpretation: Classification 4. Negotiation: Sense-making occurs between people as they influence one another’s perception
4. 4. The Role of Perception in Communication Sender Receiver What is sent What is received Motivation Perception Communication method/media Motivation Perception
5. 5. Types of Perception in Communication  Self-Perception  Environmental  Learned  Physical  Cultural
6. 6. How might you increase your accuracy in perception? Perceive critically Recognize your role in perception, avoid early conclusions, and avoid mind reading. Check your perceptions; describe what you see or hear and ask for confirmation. Reduce uncertainty: For example, by lurking before actively participating in an Internet chat group, collecting information about the person or situation, interacting and observing the situation. Be culturally sensitive; recognize the differences between you and others and also the differences among people from another culture.
7. 7. Attitude Attitudes are defined as a mental predisposition to act that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour. Individuals generally have attitudes that focus on objects, people or institutions.
8. 8. Attitudes are of two types Positive attitude :  More Participation in the Conversation.  More Likely To Listen.  Helps Maximize Strengths and Minimize Weaknesses.  Increased Interaction Among Members.
9. 9. Negative attitude;  Inability to Accurately Judge.  Incomplete Communication.  Inability to See Problems.  Conflict
10. 10. Values Basic Conversations that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence.
11. 11. Some common personal values are          Success Accuracy Beauty Challenge Friendship Fun Reliability Respect for others Results-oriented          Rule of Law Safety Satisfying others Security Self-reliance Cleanliness, orderliness Collaboration Commitment Communication
12. 12. Few Examples of Values I. Leadership - The courage to lead from front and shape future. II. Balance- Maintaining Healthy life and work balance for workers. More on Work Life Balance III. Collaboration - Collaborating within and outside the company to give the best. IV. Passion - Putting the heart and mind in the work to get the best.. V. Community - A sense of responsibility and contribution to society that define our existence.

I completely with all the given answers.. 

Agree with the expert answers here

It agreed with the answers to the rest.

I will explain the relationship between Value, Perception, and Attitude through the following example:

Imagine you are searching the market to buy a new detergent because the one you used to use is no longer satisfying. 

You are sitting at home watching TV and then a commercial about a new detergent is played.

You see a value in that product; meaning that you think it will fulfill your need.

 You now  have high perceptions about it and you believe it is what you need.

Your attitude to purchase the detergent is driven by the values the company stated about the product and the perceptions you have  developed about this product. 

Agree with experts answer >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Thanks I amagree with my colleague’s answer Mr vinod he gives us good answers

agree with answer given by Mr. Rami And Mrs. Ghada

in addition to the answers I would like to  briefly add that the relation among them is the behavior ! Values are set, and perceptions are configured, and attitude is about reacting, therefore the behavior could be a link that connects them.. !

Thank You