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Which device must be on the public site, shall we put a firewall first or put a router and ab the back of the router we put ASA firewall?
The ISP will give you a modem and if you are receiving via fiber optics will also give you a fiber "DIO" wich will send an ethernet connection to their modem/router. That will have an external IP address with you will configure as your WAN gateway on your firewall.
In the case of Cisco you ASA will be doing the firewall role.
Router's .. to route packets "in - out" and then filter it by firewall