While writing a novel, what is the best way to introduce a political debate to the plot? What are some novels that succeeded in doing this?

Just follow what directors & writers of TV shows and movies do in such genres. 

Introduce it at the beginning, for example, determine the place and the date of that debate. and then build the novel's characters and events based on it. As for what novels that succeeded in doing that, I have no idea.. but I am fan of House of Cards TV show, and they have done that sort of in introducing the debate . but that was I believe in season 3.