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(i) Compensating
(ii) Cumulative
to be able to achieve the distance of two points (from the instrument to the point where the prism is located)
- rough terrain
- temperature
* Temperature (refraction).
* Do not be periodically calibrated devices
* Error accumulation
* Difficult terrain
1. Temperature
2.miss-calculation
3.miss-communication of chain man
4.terrain
Systematic errors dues to the length of the chain.
There are two types of Errors that are commonly seen to occur in Chain Surveying.
1. cumulative error
2. compensative error
Calibration of chain to be consider
work from whole to the part
1. Instrument errors:
A tape may be faulty due to a defect in its manufacturing or from kinking.
2. Natural errors.
The actual horizontal distance between the ends of the tape can vary due to the effects of
temperature,
elongation due to tension
sagging.
3. Personal errors.
Errors will arise from carelessness by the survey crew:
poor alignment
tape not horizontal
improper plumbing
faulty reading of the tape
