Examine the sources of errors in land surveying and their implication on data output?

There's so many thing to consider how to check an error, especially in lay-outing, check data,

check temperature, miss-calculation, out of concentration of work, miss-input of data

The questions looks too simple. But the answer is not a simple thing. There are many things to be taken care of surveying. For each part, there are many solutions to take care of the errors. If you can be specific, it will be very easy to an explanation.

Personal Errors- are errors in writing or input of data/reading, to a certain instrument which practice by certain individual doing the survey, consciously or unconsciously. Instrument Errors due to imperfection of adjustment of the instrument which is being taken example a tape maybe too long or an angle measuring instrument may be out of adjustment, or from the instrument used in surveying lack of calibration, the mechanical defect of the bubbles and the cylinder. Natural Errors-are errors in surveying due to variation in natural phenomena such as temperature, humidity, gravity, wind, refraction and magnetic declination. If they are not properly observed while taking measurement, the result will be incorrect. For example a tape maybe 20 meters at 20degree Celsius but it's length will change if the field temperature is different.

Sources of Errors

1. Gross Errors
2. Systematic Errors

Two main sources:

- the equipment that you use (in good working ordre);

- the data input (coordinates, unity used, geodetic system of the geodetic network,..);

- the method of surveying used in field.

Please do mention the method of conducting land survey.Presently Total station is considered the most accurate and fastest means of land survey in small areas.In larger areas a different method is used.Again in layout Total stations share in the market is unquestionable.