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First of all take the composition of Concrete either fresh or hardened:
its mean stability and durability (i.e. quality of concrete) both are depending on above four ingredients. So, following parameter shall be considered to produce quality concrete.
For making durable concrete consider all above parameters along with expose / subsurface environmental condition.
please check ACI Code: for durability requirement of expose class of concrete or BS-1: for concrete guidance.
One of the main characteristics influcing durability of concrete is its permeability to the ingree of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chloride, sulphate and other potential deleterious substances. • Most of the durability problems in the concrete can be attributed to the volume change in the concrete. Volume change in concrete is caused by many factors. The entire hydration process is nothing but an internal volume change, the effect of hydration, the pozolanic action, the sulphate attack, the carbonation, the moisture movement, all type of shrinkages, the effect of chlorides, corrosion of steel, comes under the aspects of volume change in concrete. • The internal and external restraints to volume change in concrete results in cracks. It is the crack that promotes permeability and thus it becomes a part of cyclic action, till such time that concrete deteriorates, degrades, disrupts, and eventually fails.
the major parameters affecting concrete hardness are many, including: Cement content, Compaction, the curing, the thickness of concrete cover, and the permeability.
Below are the factors mostly affecting the properties of hardened concrete:-