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This a very important question geologists are asked to answer, well faults have many criteria stationed their existence such as:
1-The discontinuity of a marker layer along the fault plane,"it moves a distance virtually similar to the fault
displacement ".
2-Difference in age of the layers of the same level along the fault plane.
3-Difference in height of the layers of the same type and age-which are supposed to continuous and at the same level.
Discontinuity is the main issue, and evidences are like sliken sides , Partial metamorphism (Dynamic or/and Thermal) ... etc
In many cases, the fault can be identified by some geological evidence indicating its presence
.sliding of rocks or structures
.Presence of the Breccia.
Scratches and others
.towing
.Duplicate and delete layers.
The presence of silica.
Topographic expression of faults
fault brracia , mylonite , sudden rise in a plain area.
Sometimes you can see it on the ground after an earthquake. For example, a wall which once looked like this:-
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Now looks like this:-
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