How to determine the number of emergency doors and how to determine the traveling distance?

Where should you look for guidance?There are a number of sources of advice for those in the UK. Although the Building Regulations apply to new buildings and alterations, they’re a good source of information. The Building Regulations Approved Document B covers the fire safety design of buildings in England and Wales. (In Scotland the equivalent is the Technical Handbook (Non-domestic) Section 2 – Fire and in Northern Ireland, NBS Technical Booklet E.)

Other places to look are the sector-specific guides to fire risk assessment issued by the Department of Communities and Local Government (and equivalents issued in Scotland) and BS9999, “Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings.”

What are the considerations?In common with other sources of guidance on the subject, Approved Document B states:

The number of escape routes and exits to be provided depends on the number of occupants in the room, tier or storey in question and the limits on travel distance to the nearest exit.

There is a core principle that there should normally be at least two escape routes. However, exceptions are allowed where travel distances are short and numbers are low.

It wouldn’t be possible in a short article to explain every intricacy but taking an example of a single storey office, it could have a single entrance/exit provided the actual travel distance from the furthest point to the exit was less than 18 metres and there were less than 60 people using the office.

A note on “alternative exits”As you’d expect, there are criteria as to what constitutes an alternative i.e. the routes must be more than 45 degrees apart (for a diagram, check out page 34 of Approved Document B).

The following table gives a general guide to the numbers of exits required by capacity:

60

1

600

2

More than 600

3

Recommended door widthOf course, it isn’t simply a matter of any old door does the job no matter what size, so as you’d expect there’s guidance on the design width of exits. Unfortunately, though, the available guidance differs greatly so that Approved Document B, for example, is not the same as BS9999 and is different again from the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) guides. Here’s the table from the Approved Document B:

60

750

110

850

220

1050

More than 220

5mm per person

In the DCLG guidance a 750mm door width in a normal fire risk premises has a capacity of 100 people and a 1050mm door can take 200. How do you decide which to use? Well, the Building Regulations apply to new builds and alterations, and the DCLG guidance applies to existing premises.

Where all the various guides are in agreement is that you should discount one exit, i.e. assume that a fire is affecting the largest of the alternative exits, and then make sure that the capacity of the remaining exits is sufficient. (If two exits are close together, you should discount both.)

Taking an example of an assembly room with a capacity of 200, you could fulfill the requirement of Approved Document B with two exits of a minimum dimension of 1050mm each or three at least 850mm wide.

CautionGuidance should not be applied rigidly, so, for example, if there is a higher risk of fire or the occupants are at greater risk, then the acceptable travel distances reduce and you may need more exits. The most thorough way to apply these variances is to use BS9999, but it isn’t a document to cherry-pick from — you either apply the whole system to your fire strategy or leave it alone.

It mainly depends on your country legislations and code of practice,  it will depend on type of occupancy and number of employees and floor areas provided and wheather the building is protected against fire or not, but mainly they are all using the same standard references as 

NFC ( National fire code) NFPA 101 

OSHA 1910 standard - means of egress 

I do strongly recommend to you to read this Q&A file from NFPA 

http://www.auburnmaine.gov/CMSContent/NFPA_101_20_Questions.pdf

I HOPE I ANSWERED :))

Hamdy

Your Q seems incomplete but I guess what you are pointing out is determining the E doors & travelling distance in a small structure. Both Q can be answered by reference books but I guess you need quick answer so my answer will be: Minimum of two exits and shall be located strategically. More than two exits the better but you have to consider the economics and strong reason of recommending several exits.