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Two terms Practial and Anlytical covers most of it but I think other approaches may differ considering each individual and the situation they face. I'd also consider following generally:
1. Understand Environment
2. Entertain every possibility
You may have a look at these links:
http://cygnus.cc.ncu.edu.tw/netflow/juniper/swcmdref/strategies2.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/internetworking/troubleshooting/guide/tr1901.html
http://serverfault.com/questions/8812/your-troubleshooting-rules-approach-to-troubleshooting
Please educate me if you can!
