What would happen if there was no CEO at my company (or at any company in the world)?

In absence of a CEO there must be some one who pull the cart forward to achieve the goal by any name. CM, MD, ED, Director, controller etc.

It would be like a SHIP without a Captain Such company would lost its direction, vision and mission.

CEO is the leader who ensures business growth and development and a chord between the Board, Senior management and the employees